KING DAVID COMPREHENSIVE HIGHT SCHOOL

BOOK LIST 2020/2021 FORM FOUR GENERAL

	SUBJECTS	TITLES	AUTHORS	PUBLISHERS	EXERCISE BOOKS
1	ENGLISH LANGUAGE	Mastering English	Egbe Besong Elvis	NMI	200 Ledger calculator
2	LITERATURE IN ENGLISH	Silas Marner(Prose)	G.Eliot	ANUCAM	200 Ledger
		As You Like It (Drama)	SHAKESPEARE	ANUCAM
		Authentic Poetry	Egbe Besong Elvis	NMI
3	FRENCH LANGUAGE	Le Réseau du Français	NDE Richard and others	NMI	300pg
4	LOGIC	The Essential of Logic for Ordinary Level	Ngwonam Denis	GRASSROOS PUBLISHERS	80 leaves
4	HISTORY	Effective Modern History for Colleges Forms 3,4 and 5	Batey George Eno	DOVE	300 ledger
5	GEOGRAPHY	21^st Century Applied Physical Geography and Map work for forms 4 and 5	NCHANGVI Sebastian	GRASSROOTS PUBLISHERS	300 ledger
6	CITIZESHIP	Citizenship Education Made Simple	Hannah Monono	DOVE	80 leaves
7	ECONOMICS	Masterpiece Economics	FORBE H./NGAGNCHI/MOH	GRASSROOTS PUBLISHER	300 ledger
8	COMMERCE	New Ordinary Level Commerce for Cameroon	Bartholomew Bushu	CATWA	200 ledger
9	MATHEMATICS	Interactions in Mathematics	A.T.TAMAMBANG	CAMBRIDGE	300 register
10	PHYSICS	O/Level Physics: A Modern Approach	MPAKO IVO	GRACE PUBLISHERS	300 ledger
11	CHEMISTRY	Understanding Chemistry	NJIKE N.	SHILOH PRINTS	300 ledger
12	BIOLOGY	Understanding Biology Vol1	TAPONG S.	GREEN WORLD PUB	300 ledger
13	COMPUTER SCIENCE	Gateway to Computer Science	Conrad V.N.	LEGEND
14	ADDITIONAL MATHS	Explaining Additional Mathematics	ATANGA A.	NAARAT	200 register
15	HUMAN BIOLOGY	Understanding Biology Vol 2	TAPONG S.	GREEN WORLD PUB	200 ledger
16	RELIGIOUS STUDIES	Bible		Holy Bible	80 leaves

Dear Parents, you will find below all topics uncovered before 17/March/20 and their lesson notes in each subject. Make sure your student copy before 5th/October/2020 school resumption.

UNCOVERED TOPICS AFTER 17/03/2020

1) Biology: Movement and support in animals, General Revisions

2) Logics : Completed 100% covered before 17/March/2020

3) Computer sciences: communication and computer networks, General Revisions

4) Economics:- The concept of supply

NEW LESSONS

WEEK BEGINNING 01/06 TO 30 /06/ 2020

Subject: Cameroon History form 3-4

Teacher : Mr Njumbe Lewis

Topic:

British Cameroon under the mandate 1922 1945 ;

introduction : on 23rd July 1922 Cameroon was from a German colony to a mandated territory to a league of Nations (LONS) Britain and France where called to role Cameroon as category B mandate. after the second world war the in September 1939 the (LONS) was replaced with the united Nations(UN) mandate system collapse thence Cameroon gain a new status as the(UN) trust territory.

How Cameroon become a mandate of the LONS.

Before the first world war Cameroon was a German colonies Anne and in. 1884. During the first world wars Britain and France attack the Germans in Cameroon. At the Battle of mora in February 1916 the German were defeated and expelled from the territory. Britain and France failed to establish a join administration (condominium). Concept oliphant and George picot Mert in London and partition Cameroon in 1916 Britain and France forces of troopes (soldiers) latter redraw to their respective 2ones in Cameroon. The Paris peace settlement ended the was and the (LONS) was created to main Tain world peace and sequrity . The Lons set up the the manded condition to administer formal German colonies including those of order defeated powers on the 28th of June 1919 the victorious power powers forced German to sigh the Versailles treaty and article 19 compeld. her to hand over all her colonies in Africa and else where. After German handed over all her colonies Cameroon was then given to Britain and France as a mandated territory of the LONS

WEEK BEGINNING 13/04 TO 24/04/2020

DEAR STUDENTS GO DOCUMENTS FOR MORE LESSONS

MORE LESSONS ARE FOUND IN FORM 4

LESSON NO 1

WEEK BEGINNING 23RD TO 27TH MARCH 2020

MR TAMBU

King David Comprehensive College communication and computer network’s

PREPARED BY TUMBU BARTHOLOMEW ELAD

CLASS: FORM FOUR DURATION: 2Hrs SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE

I. COMPUTER NETWORKS A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers so that they can communicate and share resources. Resources that can be shared on a network include files, folders, applications and printers. A computer or device on a network is called a node.

1. Types of Computer Networks Networks can be classified into four depending on the geographical area they cover.

1.1. Local Area Network A local area network (LAN) is a network that is used for communicating among computers, usually within an office building or home. It enables the sharing of resources that may be needed by multiple users in an organization. An example of LAN is the network in the Multimedia Resource Centre.

1.2. Metropolitan Area Network A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. It covers a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. An example of a MAN is a cable TV network.

1.3. Wide Area Network A wide area network (WAN) covers a large geographic area such as a country, a continent or even the whole world. It is a distributed collection of LANs. That is, it connects two or more LANs together. The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.

1.4. Personal Area Network A personal area network (PAN) is a network that is used for communication among computers and computer devices in close proximity of around a few meters. It usually includes laptops, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, digital cameras and headsets and can be used for communication between the devices themselves, or for connection to a larger network such as the Internet. The most popular is the Wireless PAN (WPAN), a Bluetooth connection between two laptop computers or phones.

2. Network Components Network components are the various hardware and software that are required to set up a network.

2.1. Network Operating System The most important software component required for a network is the network operating system (NOS). A network operating system is an operating system that has networking capabilities. That is, it provides the ability to share resources, to manage a network and ensure security. Examples of NOS are LANtastic (Artisoft), NetWare (Novell) and LAN Manager (Microsoft).

King David Comprehensive College communication and computer network’s

PREPARED BY TUMBU BARTHOLOMEW ELAD

2.2. Network Interface Card A network interface card (NIC) provides the physical interface (link) between the computer and the communication channel. It plugs into the system board and provides ports for connection to the network. A NIC is also called a LAN card or network adapter card. There are two kinds of NIC: wired NIC for wired networks and wireless NIC (WNIC) for wireless networks.

2.3. Hub A hub is a device that works as central connecting point for multiple computers in a network. It has ports to which the computers in the network are connected. Data sent to the hub is broadcasted to all the ports but, only the destination computer receives it.

2.4. Switch A switch is used at the same place as a hub but the difference between the two is that a switch stores information about every computer connected to it and sends the data only to the requested address.

2.5. Repeater A repeater is a device used to expand the boundaries of a network. Signals usually degrade (lose strength) as they travel. Repeaters are used preserve signal integrity by regenerating (amplifying) the signals thereby extending the distance over which the signals can travel.

2.6. Bridge A bridge is a device used to create a connection between two separate computer networks or to divide one network into segments. Creating multiple segments in a local network reduces the network traffic making the network to be faster and more efficient. A bridge performs its segmenting function by examining the data packet and forwarding it to other physical segments only if necessary.

2.7. Router A router joins several networks together and is responsible for routing data from one network to another. Routers can be computers with operating systems and special network software, or they can be other dedicated devices built by network manufacturers. The Internet relies heavily on routers.

2.8. Modem A modem converts digital signals from a computer to analog signals or for transmission over a medium (modulation) and converts analog signals from the medium to digital signals understandable by the computer (demodulation).

2.9. Cables Cables are the physical links through which signals are transmitted from one node to another. There are three types of cables: coaxial cable, twisted pair cable and fiber optic cable.

Assignment: State where necessary, the different subtypes of the above cabling types and the type of connectors they use.

King David Comprehensive College communication and computer net

LESSON NO 2

WEEK BEGINNING 23RD TO 27TH MARCH 2020

King David Comprehensive College

Summary lesson notes for week :23rd of March to the 27th of March 2020.
CLASS: F4 A and B
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
Chapter :5
Date: 23rd March 2020
Subject instructor: Dongmo N.C. Derrick

• TOPIC: MOVEMENT AND SUPPORT

• COMPETENCE: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to; Define movement and explain the different mechanisms through which movement and support is brought about in Plants and Animals.

INTRODUCTION Movement is the process by which an organism or part of that organism changes it’s position in space and time. If the whole organism moves from one point to another it is called LOCOMOTION. All living organisms moves. Movement of Organisms can be observed at the following levels:

1) Protoplasm: This is where the internal organelles of the cells move.

2) Cellular: This is where individual cell move from one place to another using structures such as Flagella and pilli.

3) Organs: The movement of organs is generally observed in multicellular organism where individual organ can move without causing movement of the whole body e.g the root of plant growing into the soil without the plant moving from one place to another.

4) Organism: This is where the whole organism can move from one place to another and this is called Locomotion.

MOVEMENT IN PLANTS Plants are non-motile but they carryout a degree of movement known as Growth Movement.

There are 3 types of plant movement: • Tropism ( Tropic movement) • Tactism ( Tactic movement) • Nastism ( Nastic movement) A) Tropism: This is the growth movement of a plant in response to a unit directional stimulus. The movement is positive when it is in the direction of the stimulus and negative when it’s away from the direction of the stimulus. Types of Tropism 1) Phototropism: This is the movement of plant parts in response to unit directional light. In phototropism the stimulus is Light. Plant shoot are generally positively phototropic because they grow towards the source of light while plant roots are Neutral to light. Experiment to show that plant shoot are positively phototropic.
Aim: To show that plant shoot are positively phototropic.

Requirements: 2 potted plants, 2 dark cupboard, a source of light. Procedure: 2 potted plants are watered and put in 2 separate dark cupboard, one of the cupboard have a slit through which light can pass or enter.

The 2 setup are labelled A and B, and are allowed for 2days.

Observation: After 2days it is observed that the plant in set up B bends in the direction of the slit, while the plant in set up A continues to grow vertically upward. Conclusion: From the above observation it can be concluded that plant shoot are positively phototropic.

2) Chemotropism: This is the growth movement in Plants or plant in response to a chemical stimulus. An example is the growth of the pollen tube down the style of the flower after pollination. This is known as positive chemotropism.

Plant roots grow towards useful minerals and water thereby displaying positive chemotropism but grow away from harmful acid and display negative chemotropism.

3) Hydrotropism: This is the growth movement of plant part in response to moisture or water. Plant roots grow towards water and are said to be positively hydrotropic.

4) Geotropism: This is the growth movement of plants in response to gravity. Gravity is the force exerted by the center of the earth to any object found in the atmosphere. Plant shoot are negatively geotropic while plant roots are positively geotropi

LESSON NO 3

WEEK BEGINNING 23RD TO 27TH MARCH 2020

LOGIC LESSON: F4B.

TESTING THE VALIDITY OF A CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM:
The validity or invalidity of a categorical syllogism depends exclusively upon its form and is completely independent of its specific content and subject matter. That is, the validity or invalidity does not depend on the content and subject matter of the syllogism but on the form, that is, figure.

NB: There are only two ways in which we can establish the validity or invalidity of a categorical syllogism, that is, by general rules governing syllogistic arguments(that we have already studied behind) and by way of Venn diagram techniques.

VENN DIAGRAM TECHNIQUES:

This method consist of three (3) overlapping cycles on which the two premises
(Major & minor premises) are represented, and the conclusion only interpreted unto the diagram. The three (3) overlapping cycles symbolises; minor term(s), major term (p), and middle term (m) in that order. The 3 overlapping cycles are very often labeled: S,P,M in this order.
The two first cycles are drawn intersecting the third cycle beneath (M).

PROCEDURE:

To test the validity of a syllogism using the Venn diagram techniques, we begin by representing the premises in one diagram known as the Venn diagram. now;

1.The 3 overlapping cycles are drawn to represent the
minor term (S), major term (P)and middle term (M) in that order.
2. The first two cycles are drawbacks intersecting, while the third cycle (M) overlaps the first (S) and the second cycle (P).

3.The 3 cycles are labeled S,P and M.
The diagraming brings out 8 possible classes.

NB: In a syllogism with universal and particular premises, it is advisable to diagram or shade the universal premise first. Universal premises are shaded while particular premises are marked with 'X'
Inspect the diagram to see whether or not the diagram of the premises contain the diagram of the conclusion. If the diagram contains the conclusion, then the syllogism is Valid and if the diagram does not contain the conclusion, then the syllogism is invalid.

Mr. Achalle

LESSON NO 4

WEEK BEGINNING 23RD TO 27TH MARCH 2020

F4 LITERATURE

CHARACTERISATION (continuation)

1) TEMBI – He is fon Jiggang’s nephew and betrothed to Akwen. He caused the death of Ijang and is killed loy ASSI Jude.

- He is Lustful; this is seen in the story through his numerous sex affairs with Ijang in the forest.

- He is a sadist: this can be seen in the text when he goes through exactly the same trauma that he caused Ijang. He exploits her sexually until her death.

- He is a bully; he forces ASSI to carry their bundle of wood to his house before having their cloths.

- TEMBI is also gullible, naïve and easily deceived: he is cheated loy out of his land by his uncle, for jiggang. Assi easily fools him to believe that they are friends inspite of their childhood’s differences which leads to his death.

PART PLAYED BY TEMBI

 He impregnates Akwen

 He is nephew to for jiggang

 He is killed by Assi Jude

 He assaults Ijang sexually

 He follows Assi to Njimewi at a very odd how to woo Miyang

2 - Tebene- he is the foster son of Assi jude:

- He is a talented young man: this because he swims and plays football and becomes the best scorer in he fako youth football league; he hold a black belt in karacte

- Tebene is intelligent; this is because he goes through the university without failing any course; in order to spend time with bi , he outsmart his cousin mbah

- He is loveable and likeable; because he is good looking, gentle and has a friendly character makes people to both old and young to love and like him

- He is emotionally weak; this is true because he easily falls prey to Eposi

- He is also a liar: this is evident in the story when he lies to the mbororo family about bi and himself

- Tebene can also be describe as being very inquisitive because he seeks to know from bi about the village and his paternity from his mother.

PART PLAYED BY TEBENE

- He is a footballer

- He is biological son to Tembi and foster son to Assi Jude

- He is in love with bi

- He is a run-away villager

- He is an intelligent university student

- He has a failed love relationship with Eposi

- He is fon Mbezbou II Mbaku He is brother to Mbanyam who have served as a C.D.C labourer for 35 years but returns to the village a very poor man.

- He is an opportunist, this is because he immediately grabs the opportunity to sell a piece of land which does not belong to him to Agwe after he loses his land to the catholic church. When Agwe shows interest, Mbaku decide to proceed selling the land at Njimewi to him which causes a problem to Tebo.

- He is cunning: he keeps Agwe out of sight so that he does not discover that the land at Njimewi does not belong to him. - He is a strategist: he strategically pushes bi to Tebene so that te Tebene should not develop interest in the land issue

- He is greedy: He greedily accepts to pay Tebo just 1 million for the land though he has arrange to sell it to Agwe for 6 million

- He is a liar: he lies that the C.D.C was owing areas, lies to Tebo that the C.D.C has finally paid him - He is generous: he makes a cash gift of 35 000 frs to Tebo and his wife.

He also go shopping with Bi buys three dresses, vasline body oil, pair of slappers, a set of under wears and a towel and ask Bi to keep the change of 800 frs PART PLAY BY MBAKU

- He initiate the idea of the sale of the land at njemawi.

- He pushes bi to Tebene to distract him from Njimewi.

- when he refuses that he has nothing to do with the land sale, it pushes fon Jiggang to plant an injunction on the land, on his way back, the fon clashes with Tebene - AGWE:

A wealthy business, man living in Mankon town in a intension to extend his business empire to Dik where he intends to open an Agro-Industrial firm when he loses his land to the catholic church, he falls prey to Mbaku.

- He is hard working; his can be seen when he serves as an apprentice in Nigeria and return home with much money ready to set up his own business. - Agwe is ambitions; this is because he is very anxious is set up or open an agro-industrial firm.

- He is gullible: He trust people so easily and get deceive at the end. An example is the land case with Mbaku

- Agwe is also careless: this can be seen when he pays the sum of two million one hundred thousand francs to Mbaku with no payment receipts

PART PLAYED BY AGWE

- He loses land to the Catholic Church in a court case.

- Reveals to fon Jiggang in Mankon that he has been dealing with Mbaku

- He sends the fon to plant an injunction on the land at Njimewi

- He launches a fight against the fon during which he dies.

QUESTIONS

1) Outline the character features of Mbaku and bring out the part he plays

2) What role is played by Tembi in the immortal seed and what aspects of his character traits are revealed Instructor: Njuh mallick N.

LESSON NO 5

WEEK BEGINNING 23RD TO 27TH MARCH 2020

FORM FOUR GEOGRAPHY LESSON NOTE

SOIL DEPTH

DEFINITION : It is the thickness of the soil from the surface to the parent material or rock .b various soild have different depths. Ferrallitic and ferruginous soils are very deep. This opposes desert soils with young soils with very thin depth

FACTORS INFLUENCING SOIL DEPTH

CLIMATE : hot wet climate favours fast chemical weathering that leads to formation of deep soils while cold climate and hot dry climate reduce the rate of chemical weathering producing this soil
VEGETATION COVER: thick vegetation produces deep soils. The high amount of litter formed from the decomposition of dead remains of plants form humus and increases the depth of the soil at a horizon
RELIEF: low lying areas produce deep soils because there are areas of deposition like plains and valleys. This is opposed to steep slopes producing thin or skeletal soils due to slope processes like erosion
ROCK TYPES: highly weathered rocks form thick soils while rocks that are difficult to weather form thin soil
THE RULE OF MAN: Man influence can influence the development of soils. This poor practices like poor tilling, over grazing, and deforestation enhance soil erosion. This produces thin soils. On the other hands reforestation helps to increase the depth of the soil

SOIL FERTILITY

DEFINITION: this is the degree of the soil to provide chemical elements such s nutrients, water and air for plant growth. These nutrients are chemical in the soil that supports soil fertility like calcium, magnesium, potassium and sulphur originating from the weathering of rocks. The fertility of the soil varries from soil to another

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SOIL FERTILITY

CLIMATE : Soil fertility in a direct influence of climate eg very wet vary climate favour leaching and erosion. Consequently infertile soil moderate climates with moderate rainfall, temperature do not support leaching and maintain soil nutrient making them fertile
VEGETATTION COVER : sense vegetation covered areas from fertile soils unlike places with no vegetation that produces little or no humus to enhance or support fertility
ROCK TYPE : rocks weathered are rich in limus tone, chalk and basalt are rich in nutrients as opposed to granite and gabbro that when weathered form create infertile soil

LESSON NO 6

WEEK BEGINNING 23RD TO 27TH MARCH 2020

LESSON NO 7

WEEK BEGINNING 23RD TO 27TH MARCH 2020

Lesson notes

Introduction:

Name of teacher: Nfon Emmanuel (LLM LAW)

School: King David Comprehensive College

Subject: Religious Studies. Cycle: 1st cycle. Class: F4 A, B and C. Date: 26/03/20. Duration: 50 mins each

Module 4: CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY

Topic : CORRUPTION

Lesson: Definition, types, causes, consequences/ impact/solutions

Justification/ rationale/importance/why the topic should be taught

* To educate and raise awareness of the impact or the destructive nature of corruption in the world / society/families and schools

Objective: By the end of lesson , students should be able to ;

- Define corruption and state it’s types

- Give thé causes of corruption

- Explain thé impact or conséquences of corruption on the individual, community and the state and the world as a whole

Topic: CORRUPTION

Définition:

*when a person does not do his duty in an honest manner and with morality, we can call him as a corrupt person and this practice can be termed as corruption.

* corruption is an act done by taking undue advantage of ones position, power or authority to gain certain rewards and favors

* Forexample if a teacher is not teaching properly in a class, then this can be called as corruption as well. This is so because the teacher is drawing his/her payment without performing his/her duties appropriately

* corruption occurs within the private and public health sectors as may appear as theft, embezzlement, nepotism and bribery up till extortion or as undue influence and occurs anywhere within the sector be it in service provision, purchasing , construction and hiring .

Corruption is a form of dishonesty or criminal offfense undertaken by a person or organisation entrusted with a position of authority to acquire illicit benefit or abuse power for ones private gains .

Corruption can occur in different scales. Corruption ranges from small favors between a small number of people ( petty corruption) to one that affects to government on a large scale( grand corruption) and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society.

Causes of corruption

According to a 2017 survey study, the following have been attributed as causes of corruption

1. Greed of money and desire for wealth

2.. higher levels of market and political monopolization

3. Low levels of democracy, weak civil participation and low political transparency

4. Higher levels of bureaucracy and inefficient administrative structures

5. Low press freedom

6. Large ethnic divisions and higher levels of in-group favoritism

7. Low economic freedom

8. Gender inequality, poverty political instability

9. Low levels of education

Impacts/ consequences f corruption

1. Corruption hurts everyone

Thé impact of corruption goes beyond the corrupt individuals, the innocent colleagues who are kmplicated or the reputation of the organization they work for

1 corruption érodes thé trust we have in the public sector to act in our best interest. It also waste our taxes that have been earmarked for important community projects

Organisational impact of corruption

Financial loss

- damage to smployee morale

- damage to organisations réputation

- organization zations focus and resources diverted away from delivering core business and services to the community

Individual impacts of corruption

- disciplinary action

- termination of employment

- criminal charges

- May affect relationships with family, friends and colleagues

Community impact of corruption

- wasted tax payers funds

- loss of goods and services

- lower community confidence in public authorities

Assignment :

Give the name of the body in charge of fighting corruption in Cameroon .

- what are it’s functions and who is the chairman

LESSON NO 7

WEEK BEGINNING 23RD TO 27TH MARCH 2020

Economics form 4A,B,C

Factors influencing price elasticity of demand( Determinants)

1, Availability of close substitutes:The demand for goods with close substitutes are very elastic because an increase in price will cause consumers to switch to cheaper substitutes while goods with no close substitutes are inelastic in demand.

2, The degree of necessities and luxuries: The demand for necessities are inelastic because consumers cannot do without the goods no mater the price while luxurious goods are always elastic in demand.

3, Time period: The demand for goods in the short run is always inelastic because consumers cannot easily find substitute as well as producers cannot increase production while in the long run, demand is always elastic.

4,Habit formation: Habitual goods are inelastic in demand while non habitual goods are elastic in demand.e.g addicted cigarette smokers.

5, The percentage of income spent on the good: Goods that take a greater amount of consumers incomes are elastic in demand while goods that take a small proportion of consumers incomes are inelastic in demand.

6, Number of uses a good has: When a good has many uses, its demand turn to be price inelastic and vice versa for goods with few uses.

Importance or uses of price elasticity of demand.

A; To the Producer

1, It helps the producer to raise revenue: When the demand for a good is inelastic, the producer will increase prices to raise revenue but when a good is elastic in demand, he will reduce prices to attract customers.

2, It facilitates Price discrimination: This is when a monopoly supplier charges different prices to different customers in different markets.

Higher prices are charged in the market with inelastic goods while lower prices are charged in the market for elastic goods.

3,It helps the producer to know how to share the burden of a tax: Producers will shift the tax burden to consumers inform of high prices for inelastic goods but if the goods are elastic, producers will absorb the tax burden.

4, It helps for advertisement campaign: Inelastic goods do not need any advertisement because no matter the price, consumers will still buy while elastic goods needs a lot of advertisement.

B;To the Government:

1,It helps the government to raise revenue: When the government wants to increase her revenue, she will increase taxes on goods which are inelastic in demand since consumers will keep on but no matter the price.

2, To control the consumption of goods: when a good is elastic in demand, taxes can help reduce its consumption while subsidies can help encourage its consumption since prices will be reduced.

3, Correcting Balance of payment deficits: Balance of payment occurs when receipts are less than payments made by a country in international trade. More taxes will be placed on imported goods with elastic demand and vice versa.

4, To determine the success of devaluation:The concept of elasticity helps the government to a certain the effect of evaluation.

5, Subsidization policy: Subsidies are grants from the government to the producers to reduce their cost of production. Subsidies are always given to producers whose products are inelastic in demand. This helps them to reduce prices in favour of low income earners.